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White A.J., Bradshaw P.T., Herring A.H., Teitelbaum S.L., Beyea J., Stellman S.D., et al. (2016). Exposure to Multiple Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Breast Cancer Incidence. Environment International, 89–90, 185–192.

White, A.J., Chen, J., McCullough, L.E., Xu, X., Teitelbaum, S.L., Neugut, A.I., Terry, M.B., Hibshoosh, H., Santella, R.M., Gammon, M.D. (2015). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA Adducts and Breast Cancer: Modification by Gene Promoter Methylation in a Population-Based Study. Cancer Causes and Control, (12):1791–802.

Williams R., Knibbs L. (2016). Daily Personal Exposure to Black Carbon: A Pilot Study. Atmospheric Environment, 132, 296–299.

Wang Q., Xue Y. (2015). Characterization of Solid Tumors Induced by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Mice. Medical Science Monitor Basic Research, 21, 81–85.

Wu C.Y., Cabrera-Rivera O., Dettling J., Asselmeier D., McGeen D., Ostrander A., Lax J., et al. An Assessment of Benzo(a)pyrene Air Emissions in the Great Lakes Region. US EPA.

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Particle-phase concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of rural residential areas in southern Germany. 2010. Bari MA, Baumbach G, Kuch B, Scheffknecht G. Air Quality and Atmospheric Health. 3:103-116. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20495599

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העלות האמיתית של שריפת עצים

Danish Ecological Council (2016). Pollution from Residential Burning: Danish Experience in an International Perspective.

Fisher G., Kjellstrom T., Woodward A., Hales S., Town I., et al. (2005) Health and Air Pollution in New Zealand: Christchurch Pilot Study. Health Research Council Ministry for the Environment Ministry of Transport.

Fuchs V.R., Frank S.R. (2002). Air Pollution and Medical Care Use by Older Americans: A Cross-Area Analysis. Health Affairs, 21(6), 207–214.

Haluza D., Kaiser A., Moshammer H., Flandorfer C., Kundi M., et al. (2012). Estimated Health Impact of a Shift from Light Fuel to Residential Wood-Burning in Upper Austria. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 22(4), 339–343.

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Lighthall D., Nunes D., Tyner T. (2009). Environmental Health Evaluation of Rule 4901: Domestic Wood Burning, A Case Study of the Fresno/Clovis and Bakersfield Metropolitan Areas. The San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District.

New South Wales EPA. Wood Smoke Amendment Q&As.

Robinson D. (2005). Air Pollution in Australia: Review of Costs, Sources and Potential Solutions. Health Promotion Journal of Australia: Official Journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals, 16(3).

Robinson D., Monro J., Campbell E. (2007). Spatial Variability and Population Exposure to PM2.5Pollution from Woodsmoke in a New South Wales Country Town. Atmospheric Environment, 41(26), 5464–5478.

Saffari A., Daher N., Samara C., Voutsa D., Kouras A., Manoli E., Karagkiozidou O., Vlachokostas C., Moussiopoulos N., Shafer M.M., Schauer J.J., Sioutas C. (2013). Increased Biomass Burning Due to the Economic Crisis in Greece and Its Adverse Impact on Wintertime Air Quality in Thessaloniki. Environmental Science & Technology. 47(23), 13313-13320.

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Taxing wood-burning stoves could save lives and money (March 1, 2016). CPH Post Online. Retrieved from: http://cphpost.dk.

קמינים באזורי מגורים

Calabrese M., Quarantotto M., Cantaluppi C., Fasson A., Bogoni P. (2015). Quality Characteristics and Radioactive Contamination of Wood Pellet Imported in Italy. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 5, 183-19.

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Danish Ecological Council (2016). Pollution from Residential Burning: Danish Experience in an International Perspective. (PDF download)

Desideri D., Rongoni A., Roselli C., Saetta D., Feduzi L. (2012). Analytical Methods for the Determination of 137Cs and 9Sr in Ash of Fuel Pellets Used in Italy. Microchemical Journal, 103, 131–134.

Eriksson A.C., Nordin E.Z., Nyström R., Pettersson E., Swietlicki E., Bergvall C., Westerholm R., Boman C., Pagels J.H. (2014). Particulate PAH Emissions from Residential Biomass Combustion: Time-Resolved Analysis with Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology, 48, 7143−7150.

Fine P., Cass G., Simoneit, B. (2004). Chemical Characterization of Fine Particle Emissions from the Wood Stove Combustion of Prevalent United States Tree Species. Environmental Engineering Science, 21(6), 705.

Fisher L., Houck J., Tiegs P., McGaughey J. (2000). Long – Term Performance of EPA-Certified Phase 2 Woodstoves, Klamath Falls and Portland, Oregon. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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Houck, J.E. (2017). Straight Talk. Hearth and Home, May 2017, 38–45.

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Toscano G., Riva G., Foppa Pedretti E., Corinaldesi F., Mengarelli C., Duca D. (2013). Investigation on Wood Pellet Quality and Relationship between Ash Content and the Most Important Chemical Elements. Biomass and Bioenergy, 56, 317–322.

Uski O.J., Jalava P., Happo M.S., Leskinen J., Sippula O., Tissari J., Mäki-Paakkanen J., et al. (2014). Different Toxic Mechanisms are Activated by Emission PM Depending on Combustion Efficiency. Atmospheric Environment, 89, 623–632.

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See also references for Wood Stove Changeouts

מסעדות ואזורים ציבוריים

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Badyda A.J., Widziewicz K., Rogula-Kozłowska W., Majewski G., Jureczko I. (2017) Inhalation Exposure to PM-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Released from Barbecue Grills Powered by Gas, Lump Charcoal, and Charcoal Briquettes. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer, Boston, MA.

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City of Cambridge Public Health Department (2017, June 19). Order Regarding Use of Solid Fuel (Wood and Charcoal) as a Cooking Source at Shepard Restaurant and Bar.

Chen J., Wang S., Hsieh D., Yang H., Lee H. (2012). Carcinogenic Potencies of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Back-Door Neighbors of Restaurants with Cooking Emissions. Science of the Total Environment, 417–418 : 68–75.

Conti K. (2017, 15 May). Neighbors Clash over Cambridge Restaurant’s Smoke. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com.

Conti K. (2017, 19 June). Following Complaints, Cambridge Restaurant Ordered to Stop Cooking with Charcoal and Wood. The Boston Globe. Retrieved from https://www.bostonglobe.com.

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Hyland A., Barnoya J., Corral J.E. (2012). Smoke-Free Air Policies: Past, Present and Future. Tobacco Control, 21, 154–161.

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Kabir E., Kim K., Ahn J. Hong O., Sohn J.R. (2010). Barbecue Charcoal Combustion as a Potential Source of Aromatic Volatile Organic Compounds and Carbonyls. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 174(1–3), 492–499.

Kumar P., Andrade M.F., Ynoue R.Y., Fornaro A., Dias de Freitas E., Martins J., et al. (2016). New Directions: From Biofuels to Wood Stoves: The Modern and Ancient Air Quality Challenges in the Megacity of São Paulo. Atmospheric Environment, 140, 364–369.

Lalonde M. (2017, 20 June). Montreal Bagels and the Pollution Problem. Montreal Gazette. Retrieved from http://montrealgazette.com.

Lao J., Xie S., Wu C., Bao L., Tao S., Zeng E. (2018). Importance of Dermal Absorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Derived from Barbecue Fumes. Environmental Science & Technology, E-pub ahead of print.

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Rey-Salgueiro L., García-Falcón M., Martinez-Carballo E., Simal-Gándara J. (2008). Effects of Toasting Procedures on the Levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Toasted Bread. Food Chemistry, 108(2), 607–615.

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Susaya J., Kim K., Ahn J., Jung M., Kang C. (2010). BBQ Charcoal Combustion as an Important Source of Trace Metal Exposure to Humans. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 176(1–3), 932–937.

Wu C., Bao L., Guo Y., Li S., Zeng E.Y. (2015). Barbecue Fumes: An Overlooked Source of Health Hazards in Outdoor Settings? Environmental Science and Technology, 49(17), 10607–10615.

סביבה ואקלים

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Ahlers C.D. (2016). Wood Burning, Biomass, Air Pollution, and Climate Change. Environmental Law, Vol 46; Vermont Law School Research Paper No. 4–16.

Australian Air Quality Group. Most Effective Ways to Reduce Your Global Warming. Retrieved from woodsmoke.3sc.net.

Bahadur R., Praveen P.S., Xu Y., Ramanathan V. (2012). Solar Absorption by Elemental and Brown Carbon Determined from Spectrual Observations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(43), 17366–17371.

Beaudoin K.J. (2014). Reducing Black Carbon from Wood Burning in Fairbanks, Alaska. Alaska Law Review, 31(87–103).

Bond T.C., Doherty S.J, Fahey D.W., Forster P.M., Bernstein T., et al. (2013). Bounding the Role of Black Carbon in the Climate System: A Scientific Assessment. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 118, 5380–5552.

Bourcier L., Sellegri K., Masson O., Zangrando R., Barbante C., Gambaro A., Pichon J.M., Boulon, J., Laj P. (2010). Experimental Evidence of Biomass Burning as a Source of Atmospheric 137Cs, Puy de Dôme (1465 m a.s.l.), France. Atmospheric Environment, 44(19), 2280–2286.

Chen Y., Bond T.C. (2010). Light Absorption by Organic Carbon from Wood Combustion. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 1773–1787.

Cooper J.A. (1980). Environmental Impact of Residential Wood Combustion Emissions and its Implications. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, (30)8, 855–861.

Denier van der Gon H.A.C., Bergström R., Fountoukis C., Johansson C., Pandis S.N., et al. (2015). Particulate Emissions from Residential Wood Combustion in Europe – Revised Estimates and an Evaluation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

European Commission (2015). Paris Agreement. Retrieved from ec.europa.eu.

Fernandes A.P., Alves C.A., Gonçalves C., Tarelho L., Pio C., Schmidl C., Bauer H. Emission Factors from Residential Combustion Appliances Burning Portuguese Biomass Fuels. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 13, 3196-3206.

Gilardoni S., Massoli P., Paglione M., Giulianelli L., Carbone C., Rinaldi M., et al. (2016). Direct Observation of Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol from Biomass-Burning Emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(36), 10013–10018.

Herich H., Hueglin C., Buchmann B. (2011). A 2.5 Year’s Source Apportionment Study of Black Carbon from Wood Burning and Fossil Fuel Combustion at Urban and Rural Sites in Switzerland. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 4, 1409–1420.

Highwood E.J., Kinnersley R.P. (2006). When Smoke Gets in Our Eyes: The Multiple Impacts of Atmospheric Black Carbon on Climate, Air Quality and Health. Environment International, 32(4), 560–566.

Holden A., Sullivan A., Munchak L., Kreidenweis S., Schichtel B., et al. (2011). Determining Contributions of Biomass Burning and Other Sources to Fine Particle Contemporary Carbon in the Western United States. Atmospheric Environment, 45(11), 1986-1993.

Iinuma Y., Böge O., Gräfe R., Herrmann H. (2010). Methyl-Nitrocatechols: Atmospheric Tracer Compounds for Biomass Burning Secondary Organic Aerosols. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(22), 8453.

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Kirchstetter T.W., Thatcher T.L. (2012). Contribution of Organic Carbon to Wood Smoke Particulate Matter Absorption of Solar Radiation. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 12, 6067–6072.

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Maenhaut W., Vermeylen R., Claeys M., Vercauteren J., Matheeussen C., et al. (2012). Assessment of the Contribution from Wood Burning to the PM10 Aerosol in Flanders, Belgium. The Science of the Total Environment, 437, 226-236.

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Meissner K., Alexander K., Mohr C., Lopez-Hilfiker F., Zotter P., Prevot A., Xu L., et al. (2013). Contribution of Nitrated Phenols to Wood Burning Brown Carbon Light Absorption in Detling, United Kingdom During Winter Time. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(12), 6316.

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Olivares G., Ström J., Johansson C., Gidhagen L. (2008). Estimates of Black Carbon and Size-Resolved Particle Number Emission Factors from Residential Wood Burning Based on Ambient Monitoring and Model Simulations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 58(6), 838-848.

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תוכניות החלפת קמיני עץ ישנים

Allen R., Leckie S., Brauer M. (2009). The Impact of Stove Technology Upgrades on Indoor Residential Air Quality. Atmospheric Environment, 43(37), 5908–5915.

B.C. Wood Stove Exchange Program: Program Evaluation (2008 to 2014) (2015). Pinna Sustainability Inc.

Bell M. L., Belanger K., Ebisu K., Gent J. F., Leaderer B.P. (2012). Relationship Between Birth Weight and Exposure to Airborne Fine Particulate Potassium and Titanium During Gestation. Environmental Research, 117, 83–89.

Bergauff M., Ward T.J., Noonan C.W., Palmer C.P. (2009). The Effect of a Woodstove Changeout on Ambient Levels of PM2.5 and Chemical Tracers for Woodsmoke in Libby, Montana. Atmospheric Environment, 43(18), 2938–2943.

Cuff D. (2016, August 29). Fireplace Replacement Rebates Snapped Up in a Day. The Mercury News. Retrieved from http://www.mercurynews.com.

Forcey T. (2015). The Cheapest Way to Heat Your Home with Renewable Energy – Just Flick a Switch. The Conversation. Retrieved from theconversation.com.

Johnston F.H., Hanigan I.C., Henderson S.B., Morgan G.G. (2013). Evaluation of Interventions to Reduce Air Pollution from Biomass Smoke on Mortality in Launceston, Australia: Retrospective Analysis of Daily Mortality, 1994-2007. BMJ, 346:e8446.

Montana Department of Environmental Quality. Montana Air Quality Nonattainment Status. (Accessed June 5, 2016).

Newsham J. (October 6, 2014). As Electricity Costs Rise, Market for Heat Pumps Takes Off. Boston Globe. Retrieved from bostonglobe.com.

Noonan C., Navidi W., Sheppard L., Palmer C., Bergauff M., et al. (2012). Residential Indoor PM2.5 in Wood Stove Homes: Follow-up of the Libby Changeout Program. Indoor Air, 22(6), 492–500.

Robinson D., Monro J., Campbell E. (2007). Spatial Variability and Population Exposure to PM2.5Pollution from Woodsmoke in a New South Wales Country Town. Atmospheric Environment, 41(26), 5464–5478.

Söderberg T., Johansson A., Gref R. (1996). Toxic Effects of Some Conifer Resin Acids and Tea Tree Oil on Human Epithelial and Fibroblast Cells. Toxicology, 107(2), 99–109.

Ward T., Palmer C., Noonan C. (2010). Fine Particulate Matter Source Apportionment Following a Large Woodstove Changeout Program in Libby, Montana. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 60(6), 688.

Ward T., Palmer C., Bergauff M., Jayanty R., Noonan C. (2011). Organic/Elemental Carbon and Woodsmoke Tracer Concentrations Following a Community Wide Woodstove Changeout Program. Atmospheric Environment, 45(31), 5554–5560.

Ward T., Palmer C.P., Hooper K., Bergauff M., Noonan C.W. (2013). The Impact of a Community-Wide Woodstove Changeout Intervention on Air Quality within Two Schools. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4, 238–244.

See also references for Residential Sources.

מדידות זיהום אוויר על ידי אזרחים

Nair P. (2017, June 29) Don’t Like How Your Government Tracks Air Pollution? Do It Yourself. Retrieved from https://ensia.com.

PurpleAir laser particle counters and air quality monitoring network

US EPA. Air Sensor Toolbox for Citizen Scientists, Researchers and Developers.

ארגונים ומידע כללי

Australian Air Quality Group: Woodsmoke information

The Biomass Monitor

Breathe Clean Air Comox Valley

Burning Issues

Connecticut Residents Against Wood Smoke Pollution

Danish Ecological Council (2016). Pollution from Residential Burning: Danish Experience in an International Perspective (PDF download)

Environment & Human Health, Inc: Information on Wood Smoke

Families for Clean Air

Gabriola Clean Air Society (blog)

Only Clean Air (blog)

Partnership for Policy Integrity: Information on biomass energy

Utah Physicians for a Healthy Environment (UPHE): information and a report on wood burning